To produce of the scaled drawing of traverse survey. Theodolite parts and its functions for measurements in surveying. Surveying lab ii manual department of civil engineering b. Theodolite surveying theodolite the theodolite is a most accurate surveying instrument mainly used for. Stretch the chain in the field and drive pegs at 10m, 20m interval. We hope students all over the world will find it helpful. The theodolite s base is threaded for easy mounting on a tripod. Theodolite traversing, purpose and principles of theodolite. A little scope is located at the lower part of the theodolite.
Theodolite, tripod, rod, plumb bob, and field book lab procedure centering our theodolites have two types of centering features. This document pdf may be used for research, teaching and private study. Early models of electronic theodolites used the absolute method for reading angles. Todays electronic total stations all have an optoelectronic distance meter edm and electronic angle scanning. Total station setup and operation university of south alabama. Theodolite traversing is a method of establishing control points, their position being determined by measuring the distances between the traverse stations which serve as control points and the angles subtended at the various stations by their adjacent stations. Surveying instruments and technology theodolites routledge. It can also be used for various purposes such as laying off horizontal angles, locating points on a line, prolonging survey lines, establishing grades, determining differences in elevation. Adjustment of a closed traverse theodolite surveying. It is not possible to check the consistence of angles and distance measurement. Factors which influence the use of offset tape measured distances are limited to the length of the tape, usually 2 or 5 meters. Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other. Levelling in engineering survey types, methods, procedures.
It is good practice to check the geometry of polygons by first. Procedure for surveying the given open field closed traverse. Home surveying theodolite traversing in survey and procedure and angle mesurements theodolite traversing in survey and procedure and angle mesurements. Mounting the instrument the theodolite is carefully removed from the box and screwed to the tripod. How to use a digital theodolite part 1 of 2 youtube. So far, weve seen how to set up the theodolite, weve also seen how to get it. This screw should be tight whenever the theodolite is on focus on the the tripod. The theodolite is an instrument that is used to measure angles, with an accuracy varying from 1 to 60 seconds of arc. The close statement in the xy file forces map maker to close the polygon. This procedure varies with the experiment given to students. A theodolite traverse is a method of control survey, which is used to establish a. Doc introduction to theodolite farhan qasim academia. Finite element method of saturated soil structure using the.
Surveying on the job requires the use of moreadvanced surveying instruments. When observing horizontal directions with a theodolite it is not unusual for some lines of sight to be inclined at considerably different elevations to the horizon. Traverse networks involve placing survey stations along a line or path of travel, and then using the previously surveyed points as a base for observing the next point. The traditional use has been for land surveying, but they are also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and some specialized applications such as meteorology and rocket launching. How to use the theodolite for vertical and horizontal measurements in surveying. The latest theodolites have infrared distance measuring devices, for which regular infrared inspection is essential. Total station setup and operation university of south. In engineering surveying, either or both of the above formats may be utilized in the planning. The most important of these programs are presented in the section applications programs. What are its advantages and disadvantages over rankines method dec. There are various modes of constructing theodolites to suit the. Land surveying students use a theodolite as a way to learn the principles of angle measurement. The theodolite is a complex instrument used mainly for accurate measurement of horizontal and vertical angle up to 10 or 20 depending upon the least count of the instrument.
Theodolites are essential for surveying and measuring angles. Here you can download the free lecture notes of surveying pdf notes, materials with multiple file links to download. The theodolite instrumental errors instrument adjustment field procedure measuring. Dec 17, 2018 land surveying students use a theodolite as a way to learn the principles of angle measurement. Spring 2016 field book university of colorado boulder. Survey field procedures manual prepared by the division of. Theodolites are similar to total stations, except that the total stations are used when the distances. Highway surveying manual page 151 january 2005 chapter 15 construction survey procedures 1501 general in performing construction surveying, preparation is a major part of the operation. Reconnaissance survey the survey teams first task is to make a reconnaissance survey of the area, i. Nor is it a substitute for surveying knowledge, experience or judgment. Therefore students are required to write the procedure according to the experiment given to them. Such a surveying procedure has been used to construct simulation models for studying the effects of. It has wide applicality in surveying like laying of horizontal angles.
Selection of traverse definition a traverse is a series of straight lines called traverse legs. Aug 17, 2016 theodolite traversing, purpose and principles of theodolite traversing 1. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. For a level, the compen sator automatically takes care of the final levelling up. Surveying the area of a mining site would require relative coordinates, therefore, the initial instrument. Digital electronic theodolite surveying equipment and. The theodolite is a most accurate surveying instrument mainly used for. These are important for accuracy of observations taken from the instrument. Here we are writing about theodolite traversing and theodolite surveying pdf and theodolite. Theodolite components of a theodolite introduction the theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. The role of the theodolite in traversing and detail surveys is fundamental to all. Equipments theodolite ranging rods levelling staff tape procedure 1. Determination of two inaccessible points with compass.
Compute the coordinates of your parcel corners using the starting coordinates of one of the control points. Using the provided transit or theodolite set up the instrument over a point assigned by the instructor. Fieldworks covered in this manual include chain surveying, plane table surveying, theodolite traverse surveying, leveling, tacheometry, curve setting, house setting, just to name a few topics. Theodolite surveying is a branch of surveying, in which the theodolite is accurate instrument used for the measurement of horizontal angles, vertical angles. These two devices were fundamentally equivalent and could accomplish basically the same task today, total station accomplish all the task much more efficiently than transits and theodolite in addition, it can observes distance accurately and quickly.
A transit is a surveying instrument that also takes accurate angular measurements. I have been a stay at home mom for almost 5 years and i am so excited to be able to still stay home, take care of my children and make a living taking surveys on my own computer. In its modern form it consists of a telescope mounted to swivel both horizontally and vertically. Proper care in the use, storage, transportation and adjustment of the equipment is a major factor in the successful completion of a survey. Surveying instruments theodolites brighthub engineering. It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. Theodolite surveying free download as powerpoint presentation. Theodolites how does a theodolite work theodolite vs transit. Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. Additionally it is necessary to add information which may provide a proper interpretation of the structure of coastal features. Theodolite survey free download as powerpoint presentation. In addition, the practical aspects of specialized instruments have been covered in detail, including plane table, theodolite and level. Presented by group 5 kailash ayush kumar ajit sharma vivek maurya sumit yadav navneet mahatma gandhi missions college of engineering and technology.
It is a very important instrument in plane surveying. Aait, department of civil engineering 2 lecture note. Theodolites are essential surveying instruments used for the measurement of horizontal and vertical angles. Theodolite survey takes vertical and horizontal angles in order to establish controls. Data for all points that will be used as control and any cadastral. Table of contents page 100 general 101 introduction a. Pdf how to use the theodolite for vertical and horizontal. This paper describes in detail, two methods of accurately setting the vertical axis vertical, the second ofl which seems to be little known among practising surveyors. A theodolite is mounted on its tripod head by means of a forced centering plate containing four thumbscrews three for rapid levelling. Survey field procedures manual prepared by the division of plats and surveys maryland state highway administration revised and edited november,2001. Each group shall be carried out on a planimetric control traverse within the allocated area employ all normal survey practice to control the accuracy of the survey works.
Because of its various uses, the theodolite is sometimes known as universal instrument. The permanent adjustments in case of transit theodolite are. A conventional theodolite cannot be used to find north and the bearing, i. Centring a sight is taken through the optical plummet to view the survey. Theodolite, basic surveying instrument of unknown origin but going back to the 16thcentury english mathematician leonard digges. Surveying lab manual pdf surveying 1 lab manual pdf. Before use, a theodolite must be precisely placed vertical above the point to be measured using a plumb bob, optical plummet or laser plummet. Engi3703 surveying and geomatics fall 2007 memorial university of newfoundland 5 10. There are three temporary adjustments of a theodolite. Modern theodolites have a telescope that can be mounted to a swivel which can move both horizontally and vertically, and the crosshairs allow you to make accurate alignments with the target object. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors.
The sites must be chosen with care and are in fact governed a considerable number of factors. Drive a surveyors nail into the ground at the point where you want to set up the theodolite. How to build and setup a concrete foundation for garages, houses, room additions, etc part 1 duration. Such conditions frequently occur, for example, in construction surveys, deflection surveys, plumbing of tall structures and field astronomy. Lab instructor will demonstrate setup and operation of the theodolite.
Theodolite traversing in survey and procedure and angle. Study of theodolite in detail practice for measurement of horizontal and vertical angles. Set the theodolite at the zero and do the temporary adjustments. May 2005 surveying equipment, measurements and errors 3. Parts of a theodolite parts of a theodolite, an indispensable tool for surveying. Theodolites how does a theodolite work theodolite vs. The perpendicular to the boundary are taken in order of their chainages.
Check that the adjusted latitudes and departures add to zero. Measuring the dimensions of objects in a detail survey, such as the width of a path. Judging by eye, the legs are moved to bring the tripod head over the point, keeping the tripod head as level as possible. The coded scales of the horizontal and vertical circles are scanned electronically, and then the angles and. Types of surveying on the basis of whether the curvature of the earth is taken into account or not, surveying can be divided into two main categories. In these surveys, control is achieved by positioning details on the ground which may be identified in images. A theodolite is a surveying instrument used for precise angular measurement in. Surveying notes pdf book starts with the topics distance measurement conventions and methods, theodolite, description, uses, and adjustments. Nov 18, 2016 theodolite surveying lecture prem singh. Like other leveling instruments, a theodolite consists of a telescope mounted on a base. There are three methods of measuring horizontal angles. Leveling systems are fitted for accurate installation of theodolites.
A theodolite is a surveying instrument that dates back to the 16th century, and its used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. Adjust the misclosure using the compass rule bowditch method. These simple electronic tachometers will be affordable for all surveyors. Setting out grades ranging curves tacheometric survey 4. The basic concept of leveling involves the measurement of vertical distance relative to a horizontal line of sight. Theodolites can rotate along their horizontal axis as well as their vertical axis. Through the scope, locate the rebar or point of beginning. Home adjustment of a closed traverse closed traverse surveying theodolite surveying adjustment of a closed traverse, closed traverse, surveying, theodolite surveying setting out of some common engineering works surveying. The accuracy with which these angles can be measured ranges from 5mins to 0,1 secs.
Surveying instruments operator s manual dt240 dt540 dt740 dt940 dt540l dt740l dt940l digital theodolite class 2 laser product. Each student records hisher own measurements in hisher field book. A theodolite is a precision instrument used for measuring angles both horizontally and vertically. Theodolite surveying for nondestructive biomass sampling. Leveling the total station leveling the total station must be accomplished to sufficient accuracy otherwise the instrument will not report results leveling the instrument takes 30 to 45 minutes make sure you can see all targets from the instrument station before going through the process. To determine the multiplying constant and additive constant of the given theodolite. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. Levelling is the most widely used method of obtaining the elevations of ground points relative to a reference datum and is usually carried out as a separate procedure to those used in fixing planimetric position. Simple surveying setup jeremy green reportdepartment of maritime archaeology western australian museum, no. It starts at a point of known position and terminates at a point of unknown position. Theodolites, land surveying theodolites, land surveying. To start the cross staff survey,a chain line is run through the centre of the area to be surveyed.
In some cases, much of the topographic surveying may be undertaken via photogrammetric processes. Offers dual displays and controls for easy accessibility and operation, very large backlit lcd characters for easy reading also, reduces eye strain and chance for errors, and a host of features and parameters normally found on much higher priced instruments. Chapter 9 total station system tss survey specification. Theodolite traversing, purpose and principles of theodolite traversing 1. Set up the instrument over o and level it accurately.
Scope of manual this manual, in general, covers divisionwide surveying policies and procedures and appropriate reference material. A surveying instrument and precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. One is an optical plumb bob, and the other is a laser plumb bob. It can also be used for various purposes such as laying off horizontal angles, locating points on a line, prol. The resection procedure requires that the known coordinates be defined first, and in the order that they will be shot. You will be using a universal theodolite, model wild t2, for these measurements. Survey specifications describe the methods and procedures needed to attain the desired. O is the station point fixed on what is theodolite. A theodolite works by combining optical plummets or plumb bobs, a spirit bubble level, and graduated circles to find vertical and horizontal angles in surveying. Support centring screw it with one hand and insert and tighten the centring screw with the other.
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